Unpacking Paul – 1 Corinthians 12

The Apostle Paul wrote extensively in the first letter to the Corinthians about the spiritual gifts. Before we study this text, it is important to keep in mind what kind of situation the city of Corinth was in when Paul wrote this letter. There were at least ten different temples to various Greek gods, the largest one being the temple for Aphrodite, the goddess of love. This was probably due to the fact that the temple had over 1,000 prostitutes available for “religious” reasons. Corinth was the center of trade during this time, so many different cultures came together here for business. It was not an easy place to spread Christianity and establish churches.

In addition to the external forces, the new church in Corinth was struggling internally. The spiritual gifts were very prevalent among the members but they were being misused by some. There was internal strife and power struggles with various gifts being treated as more important. Paul addresses these items within this chapter.

Now about the gifts of the Spirit, brothers and sisters, I do not want you to be uninformed. ² You know that when you were pagans, somehow or other you were influenced and led astray to mute idols. ³ Therefore I want you to know that no one who is speaking by the Spirit of God says, “Jesus be cursed,” and no one can say, “Jesus is Lord,” except by the Holy Spirit. (1 Corinthians 12:1-4 NIV)

Paul begins this chapter by talking about how easy it is during this time to be led astray by others. In verse three, Paul emphasizes that the Holy Spirit is present in those that believe and the Holy Spirit leads us. This verse can be confusing to some degree as we all know that pretty much anyone can say the words Paul notes here. Charles Hodge in his commentary on 1 Corinthians explains this very well:

“What the apostle says, is that no man can make this acknowledgement but by the Holy Ghost. This of course does not mean that no one can utter these words unless under special divine influence; but it means that no one can truly believe and openly confess that Jesus is God manifest in the flesh unless he is enlightened by the Spirit of God.”¹ (Emphasis mine)

All Gifts from the Holy Spirit

⁴ There are different kinds of gifts, but the same Spirit distributes them. ⁵ There are different kinds of service, but the same Lord. ⁶ There are different kinds of working, but in all of them and in everyone it is the same God at work. ⁷ Now to each one the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the common good. ⁸ To one there is given through the Spirit a message of wisdom, to another a message of knowledge by means of the same Spirit, ⁹ to another faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healing by that one Spirit, ¹⁰ to another miraculous powers, to another prophecy, to another distinguishing between spirits, to another speaking in different kinds of tongues, and to still another the interpretation of tongues. ¹¹ All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he distributes them to each one, just as he determines. (1 Corinthians 12:4-11 NIV)

In this passage, Paul begins by stating very clearly that God distributes the spiritual gifts as He sees fit. As the Greeks give various emotions and human traits to various gods in their temples, the spiritual gifts were different as they came from the one true God. There was no place for division on the origin of the gifts.

Secondly, Paul makes a very important statement in verse seven that all of the gifts are “given for the common good”. The gifts are not to be used selfishly by the person given the gift. The gifts are to be used in harmony with all followers for the greater good of the whole. He then goes on to call out many of the gifts individually and reiterate the fact that they are given by the same Holy Spirit as God wishes them to be given.

Hodge writes on these verses the following:

“They are not designed exclusively or mainly for the benefit, much less for the gratification of their recipients; but for the good of the church. Just as the power of vision is not for the benefit of the eye, but for the man. When, therefore, the gifts of God, natural or supernatural, are perverted as a means of self-exaltation or aggrandizement, it is a sin against their giver, as well as against those for whose benefit they were intended.”²

Comparison to the Human Body

¹² Just as a body, though one, has many parts, but all its many parts form one body, so it is with Christ. ¹³ For we were all baptized by one Spirit so as to form one body—whether Jews or Gentiles, slave or free—and we were all given the one Spirit to drink. ¹⁴ Even so the body is not made up of one part but of many. ¹⁵ Now if the foot should say, “Because I am not a hand, I do not belong to the body,” it would not for that reason stop being part of the body. ¹⁶ And if the ear should say, “Because I am not an eye, I do not belong to the body,” it would not for that reason stop being part of the body. ¹⁷ If the whole body were an eye, where would the sense of hearing be? If the whole body were an ear, where would the sense of smell be? ¹⁸ But in fact God has placed the parts in the body, every one of them, just as he wanted them to be. ¹⁹ If they were all one part, where would the body be? ²⁰ As it is, there are many parts, but one body. (1 Corinthians 12:12-20 NIV)

The emphasis in this passage is the comparison of the human body to that of the body of Christ, the church. No one part of the human body is more important that the other and so it is with the spiritual gifts and the body of Christ. Every part of the body has a specific purpose for the whole to function correctly. Paul reminds the church that God has given the gifts as He wanted to give them, and there is no gift more important than another.

All Spiritual Gifts are Important

²¹ The eye cannot say to the hand, “I don’t need you!” And the head cannot say to the feet, “I don’t need you!” ²² On the contrary, those parts of the body that seem to be weaker are indispensable, ²³ and the parts that we think are less honorable we treat with special honor. And the parts that are unpresentable are treated with special modesty, ²⁴ while our presentable parts need no special treatment. But God has put the body together, giving greater honor to the parts that lacked it, ²⁵ so that there should be no division in the body, but that its parts should have equal concern for each other. ²⁶ If one part suffers, every part suffers with it; if one part is honored, every part rejoices with it. (1 Corinthians 12:21-26 NIV)

Paul continues with his analogy of the human body and the church body in this passage. He makes it clear that even though you may see your gift as “weaker” or less desirable than others, it is just as important to the functioning of the whole body as the gift that may seem more important. Roy Laurin in his book First Corinthians – Where Life Matures writes about the gifts that may be less visible: “A steel truss in a building supports its roof, yet is not sen. Without the truss the roof would be impossible.”³ This is so true relating to the gifts that may be seen as not as important as others. Without them nothing would get done.

Greater Gifts

²⁷ Now you are the body of Christ, and each one of you is a part of it. ²⁸ And God has placed in the church first of all apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, of helping, of guidance, and of different kinds of tongues. ²⁹ Are all apostles? Are all prophets? Are all teachers? Do all work miracles? ³⁰ Do all have gifts of healing? Do all speak in tongues? Do all interpret? ³¹ Now eagerly desire the greater gifts. (1 Corinthians 12:27-31)

Now you might be saying to yourself “Wait a minute – Jeff just got through writing about how no gift is more important than another one, and here is Paul talking about the ‘greater gifts’!” That’s right – I did, and I still feel that way although this passage seems to contradict that. What Paul is calling out here are not that some gifts are “better” than others, but they are “greater”. To me, greater is describing the responsibility the gift carries with it, not some sort of perceived stature of the gift. We will discuss the greater gifts in later posts.

I hope that this brief study of 1 Corinthians 12 has helped you understand the spiritual gifts and their purpose. In my next post we will study the spiritual gifts noted in Paul’s letter to the Ephesians.

1. Hodge, Charles, A Commentary of 1&2 Corinthians, Versa Press Inc., East Peoria, IL, 1964, p.241 [↩]
2. Hodge, Charles, A Commentary of 1&2 Corinthians, Versa Press Inc., East Peoria, IL, 1964, p. 243-244 [↩]
3. Laurin, Roy L., First Corinthians – Where Life Matures, Dunham Publishing Company, Findlay, OH, 1950 p. 226 [↩]